Cracking of petroleum
During cracking the energy allocated at collapsing of cavitation bubbles, will be utillized for a breaking of chemical bonds between atoms of the large molecules of hydrocarbon compounds. The relcase bond energy is inflected in hydrocarbons over a wide range, approximately from 40 up to 400 kJ/mol. The anchoring strength Câòîð - H is less, than C-H, i.e. the atom of hydrogen is more lighter to break loose in middle of a molecule of normal paraffine, than from the end. The relcase bond energy Ñ-Ñ in molecules of normal paraffines also is a little moderated to middle of a carbon circuit, i.e. the lengthy hydrocarbonaceous molecules are automatically torn up in mid-range.
In tab. 1. the results of cracking of three different petroleum are given.
The table 1.
| No. | Index of quality |
Researched petroleum |
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Diesel fuel |
Oil |
Vacuum gas-oil |
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Source |
Final |
Source |
Final |
Source |
Final |
||
1. |
Fractional
composition. Temperature, C°, at which one distils: |
||||||
| 10% | 200 |
165 |
130 |
37 |
380 |
||
| 50% | 280 |
186 |
390 |
94 |
430 |
275 |
|
| 90% | 220 |
139 |
480 |
||||
| 98% | 360 |
244 |
165 |
500 |
339 |
||
2. |
Gravity at 20 °C,kg/m3 | 830 |
792 |
894 |
722 |
935 |
841 |
3. |
Kinematic viscosity at 20 °C, ñÑò | 5,2 |
3,0 |
4,67 |
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4. |
Chill point, °C | -10 |
-20 |
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5. |
Cloud point,°C | below -5 |
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6. |
Flash point in closed crucible, °C | 65 |
41 |
110 |
94 |
||
7. |
Mass fraction of sulfur, % | 0,2 |
0,03 |
0,008 |
3,5 |
0,3 |
|
8. |
Acidity, mg ÊÎÍ on 100 cm3 of propellant | 5 |
1,32 |
3,08 |
0,24 |
|
3,51 |
9. |
Iodine number, g. iodine on 100 cm3 propellant | 2,09 |
45 |
1,76 |
|||
10 |
Ash content, % | 0,01 |
not |
not |
0,3 |
0,0093 |
|
On fractional composition, it is visible to gravity, flash point and other indexs source and finished products, that the process of cracking proceeds in all petroleum. As the cavitation bubbles can be generated with the help of intensive ultrasonic radiating in any fluids, it is possible to suspect, that the breaking of chemical bonds, thus, can be carried out in any chemical combination at intensity of a sound of the applicable hardness of bond energy.
In a place of breakaway of a chemical bond any radical should be connected. At lack of free radicals of reactionary environment of a molecule with a unsaturated bond can be curtailed in a collar{*ring*}, forming cyclic or aromatic joints. In tab. 2 the results of analysis of the contents of aromatic joints in source oil and in two products of cracking received at different modes of treating are introduced.
The table 2.
No. |
The naming of a sample | The contents of aromatic joints, % | Cumulative quantity limiting and not limiting, % |
1. 2. 3. |
Source oil Product of cracking No.1 Product of cracking No.2 |
22 49 69 |
78 51 31 |
Except for process of an aromatization in ultrasonic activator it is possible to carry out alkylation, isomerization and other processes of oil refining and petroleum. It is necessary to note, that the given way allows to carry out synthesizing lighter petroleum from hydrocarbonaceous gases. It will allow to involve in process of synthesizing of hydrocarbonaceous propellant such kinds of raw, as a gas condensate, natural gas.
